Quick Answer
Middle knowledge is the claim that God knows counterfactuals about what any free creature would do in every possible circumstance, allowing providence without direct determination.
Key Takeaways
- ✦It is associated with Luis de Molina.
- ✦It aims to reconcile providence and libertarian freedom.
- ✦Its key problem is the truth of counterfactuals of freedom.
Question
What does 'middle' mean here?
Quick Answer
It names knowledge placed between knowledge of necessary truths and knowledge of the actual world God chooses to create.
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Sources
- 01Middle KnowledgeBy Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyConsult source
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Reviewed by ZHAIBIAN AI Editorial Review · 2026-08-23