God: The Philosophy of the Divine

Does God Exist?

Does God exist? Survey the major philosophical arguments for and against God, from Aquinas's five ways to the problem of evil, and see where the debate stands today.

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What Is Pascal's Wager?

Pascal's wager argues that believing in God is the rational bet, because the expected payoff is infinite and the cost is finite. Trace the argument, the many-gods objection, and modern decision-theoretic replies.

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What Is the Cosmological Argument for God?

The cosmological argument reasons from the existence of the universe to a first cause. Trace its roots in Aquinas, its modern kalam form, and the main objections Hume and Russell raised.

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What Is the Ontological Argument for God?

The ontological argument works from the concept of God alone to God's existence. Trace Anselm's original, Gaunilo's objection, Kant's critique, and Plantinga's modern modal version.

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What Is the Teleological Argument (Argument from Design)?

The teleological argument infers a designer from the order and apparent purpose in the world. Trace Paley's watch, Hume's objections, and the modern fine-tuning revival.

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God: The Wisdom of the Divine

God wisdom is the philosophical contemplation of the divine as the ground of being and the mystery of existence itself — the human search for ultimate meaning that runs through every tradition, from Aquinas's five ways to the silence of the mystics.

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Reverence: The Wisdom of Awe

Reverence is the philosophical virtue of awe — the capacity to stand humbly before what surpasses understanding. From the Stoics to the mystics, this is the wisdom that opens the mind to the sacred and the ordinary alike.

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The Sacred: The Wisdom of Reverence

Sacred wisdom is the recognition of the holy — the mysterium tremendum, that which is set apart. From Rudolf Otto's numinous to William James's religious experience, this is the wisdom of attending to the dimension of existence that surpasses the ordinary.

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Alvin Plantinga: Reformed Epistemology & the Free Will Defense

An evidence-led introduction to Alvin Plantinga, the American philosopher whose Reformed epistemology argued that belief in God can be properly basic, and whose free will defense transformed the problem of evil.

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Richard Swinburne: Bayesian Probability & the Existence of God

An evidence-led introduction to Richard Swinburne, the British philosopher who applied Bayesian probability theory to natural theology, arguing that the cumulative case for God's existence is stronger than the case against.

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Baruch Spinoza: Substance Monism & Philosophy

Explore Baruch Spinoza's philosophy of mind and metaphysics: substance monism, mind-body parallelism, determinism, and the Ethics' account of thought and emotion.

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Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) was an Italian-born medieval philosopher and Archbishop of Canterbury whose ontological argument for God's existence and method of faith seeking understanding shaped the whole scholastic tradition.

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Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (354-430) was a North African bishop and philosopher whose synthesis of Christian theology with Greek philosophy shaped Western thought for over a millennium.

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Thomas Aquinas

A comprehensive introduction to Thomas Aquinas, the thirteenth-century Dominican philosopher whose synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology shaped Western intellectual life for centuries.

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Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician and philosopher whose Pensees explored faith, reason, and the human condition suspended between greatness and wretchedness.

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David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose empiricist investigation of knowledge, causation, and morality reshaped modern philosophy and provoked Kant's critical turn.

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Immanuel Kant

German philosopher whose critical philosophy revolutionized epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics through systematic accounts of reason, experience, and moral duty.

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Søren Kierkegaard

Danish writer, theologian, and philosopher whose accounts of inwardness, choice, anxiety, and faith helped shape later existential thought.

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The City of God by Augustine of Hippo

An evidence-led guide to Augustine of Hippo's The City of God: the monumental meditation on the two cities, providence, evil, and the foundations of Christian philosophy in the twilight of the Roman Empire.

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Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by David Hume

An evidence-led guide to David Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion: the classic critique of the design argument, the problem of miracles, and the limits of empirical reasoning about God.

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The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins

An evidence-led guide to Richard Dawkins's The God Delusion: the New Atheist case against religion, the meme theory of belief, and the arguments for science and secular humanism over faith.

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Philosophy of Evil

An introduction to the philosophy of evil: the logical and evidential problems of evil, theodicy, the free will defense, natural vs moral evil, and the soul-making approach, from Augustine to Plantinga and Hick.

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Philosophy of Faith

An introduction to the philosophy of faith: the relationship between faith and reason, the nature of faith, reformed epistemology, evidentialism, and the ethics of belief, from Aquinas to Plantinga.

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Philosophy of God

An introduction to the philosophy of God: the existence of God, divine attributes, the nature of divine action, and the coherence of theism, from Aquinas and Anselm to Swinburne and Plantinga.

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Philosophy of Miracles

An introduction to the philosophy of miracles: the definition of miracle, Hume's argument against miracles, laws of nature and divine intervention, the probability of miracles, and the relationship between miracles and scientific explanation.

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Philosophy of Religious Experience

An introduction to the philosophy of religious experience: the nature of religious experience, the argument from religious experience, mysticism, the neurology of experience, and the epistemic value of religious perception, from William James to contemporary epistemology.

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Philosophy of Religion

Philosophy of religion is the philosophical examination of religious claims, concepts, and practices, including arguments for God's existence, the problem of evil, and the nature of faith.

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Religion, God & the Sacred: The Philosophy of Religion Learning Path

A structured learning path through the philosophy of religion: from the philosophy of God and the problem of evil to atheism, faith, religious experience, miracles, prayer, sin, and the sacred.

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Death & Mortality: The Philosophy of Dying and Meaning

A learning path through the philosophy of death: Epicurus and the Stoics on why death should not frighten us, Heidegger on being-toward-death, and the ethics of dying and grief.

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Ethics & Moral Wisdom

A structured learning path through moral philosophy, from the great ethical theories of duty, utility, and virtue to the practical art of making ethical decisions in everyday life.

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